Le quatrième livre des Noces de Philologie et de Mercure, encyclopédie allégorique composée par Martianus Capella à Carthage au début du ve s. ap. J.-C., est con­sacré à la dialectique. Le présent volume vient compléter, dans la Collection des Universités de France, le livre VII (sur l’arithmétique) édité, traduit et commenté par Jean-Yves Guillaumin en 2003, et le livre VI (sur la géométrie), procuré selon les mêmes normes par Barbara Ferré en 2007. C’est la première traduction française de...

The professional situation is considered a major interface of practicum training, here conceived as a School of conjunction, a school where one learns to make links, a foundation for the engineering of professionalization. The notion of situation is here developed based on the study of a data corpus elaborated during an experience with a practicum training model centred on writing and the construction of the professional situation by a subject-actor-author of the situation, in interaction with others, in the context of (...) nurse training. The analysis and interpretation of data brings to light a complex and unique unit, constructed in the space-time of a professional practice, a process during which several states succeed one another. The critical moment in action characterizes this unit; it is central to the process, mobilizing reflection in action, internal deliberation, and action-related decision. La situation professionnelle est identifiée comme interface majeure de la formation en alternance conçue ici comme une Ecole de la conjonction, une école où l’on apprend à relier, fondement d’une ingénierie de professionnalisation. La notion de situation est approfondie à partir de l’étude d’un corpus de données constitué au fil de l’expérimentation d’un modèle de formation en alternance centrée sur l’écriture et la construction de la situation professionnelle par un sujet-acteur-auteur de la situation, en interaction avec autrui, dans le contexte de la formation en soins infirmiers. L’analyse et l’interprétation des données permettent de mettre en évidence une unité singulière complexe, construite dans l’espace-temps d’une pratique professionnelle, un processus au cours duquel plusieurs états se succèdent. Le moment critique dans l’action la caractérise ; il occupe la place centrale du processus, mobilisant réflexion dans l’action, délibération intérieure et décision d’action. (shrink)

El principal objetivo de este artículo es mostrar los elementos esenciales de una teoría de justicia que tiene, aún hoy, una considerable influencia: la de Immanuel Kant. Quizás el principal aspecto de la argumentación sea el de mostrar el modo en que Kant se separa de la tradición liberal, cuyas ideas esenciales sin embargo acepta e incluso refuerza, en eso de considerar la libertad. En lugar de descansar la libertad sobre bases puramente naturales (pasionales) o racional-estratégicas, la descansa en una (...) noción de autonomía que no se puede alcanzar en una sociedad abiertamente injusta. (shrink)

When talking about justice and injustice, can philosophers, simply, take the victims’ side? Even when these philosophers belong to the critical theoretical tradition, can they be excused from providing an objective account of what is morally wrong? If, for instance, they hold that what victims are demanding is recognition instead of redistribution, shouldn’t they provide a convincing theory of recognition and the role it plays in situations of justice and injustice?Contrasting the theories of Iris Marion Young, Nancy Fraser and Axel (...) Honneth, three philosophers who establish a link between recognition and justice and who subscribe to the critical theory’s tradition, this article tries to explain their differences. In fact they go in different directions when they have to explain how recognition is involved in social conflicts and in political demands. The paper´s purpose is to show that their differences have to do, mainly, with two different understandings of political philosophy as an intellectual enterprise. (shrink)

El presente artículo se propone evaluar el ensayo de Nancy Fraser titulado "¿De la redistribución al reconocimiento? Dilemas de la justicia en una 'época post-socialista'". No tengo mayores objeciones a la idea de la autora según la cual sólo podemos apoyar aquellas versiones de la política de la diferencia que puedan ajustarse a una política de la igualdad. Lo que me inquieta es la forma como ella menosprecia el carácter justiciero de ciertas luchas políticas y sociales en busca de una (...) mayor justicia simbólica y material. Llamo la atención sobre los logros justicieros de esas luchas y propongo combinar una teoría de la justicia como resultado final (en la que es fuerte Fraser) con un diseño de los procedimientos para llegar allá. (shrink)

Rawls no habría podido proveer una teoría de la justicia capaz de regular las relaciones internacionales, algo que otros pensadores rawlsianos (Beitz, Pogge) creyeron necesario. Este artículo intenta explicar las razones que impedían ese cometido. De una parte, el estrecho nexo entre la justicia, como una virtud, y la unidad política, solo en el contexto de la cual esa virtud tiene sentido. Al menos así lo ha entendido la tradición filosófica. De otra parte, las decisiones meta-filosóficas que Rawls toma y (...) su afán de hacer de la suya una teoría de la justicia "post-metafísica" y "estrictamente política". This article tries to explain why it was impossible for Rawls to develop a normative theory ofjustice for international relations; something that has been demanded by some rawlsian thinkers (Beitz, Pogge, etc.). There were two obstacles for such an enterprise. On one hand, the link established by the philosophical tradition between justice, as a political virtue, and the political unity (polis, national-state, etc.). On the other hand, Rawls' meta-philosophical decisions, which make his a 'post-metaphysical' and 'strictly political' theory of justice. (shrink)

El autor invita al estudio del pensamiento hegeliano a través de una primaria reconstrucción de lo que Hegel entiende como el sentido, el alcance y la función de la filosofía y su relación con otras dimensiones del saber y el hacer humanos. El punto de partida son algunas afirmaciones extraídas de sus diversas obras y que han alcanzado cierta notoriedad.

¿Puede un filósofo, sin más, tomar el lado de las víctimas, cuando se trata de situaciones de justicia e injusticia? ¿Puede carecer de un punto de vista objetivo acerca de lo que es moralmente bueno o malo? Si el filósofo sostiene que lo que las víctimas demandan, en lugar de redistribución, es reconocimiento, ¿debe proveer una convincente teoría de lo que es el reconocimiento y del modo como él juega un papel en las situaciones de justicia e injusticia? Este artículo (...) contrasta las teorías de Iris Marion Young, Nancy Fraser y Axel Honneth, filósofos que establecen un nexo entre justicia y reconocimiento y que coinciden, además, en inscribirse en la tradición teórico-crítica. Ellos difieren en explicar cómo el reconocimiento está implicado en los conflictos y las demandas políticas. El artículo trata de proveer una explicación para estas diferencias a partir de diferencias meta-filosóficas sobre la filosofía política como empresa intelectual. When talking about justice and injustice, can philosophers, simply, take the victims' side? Even when these philosophers belong to the critical theoretical perspective, can they be excused from providing an objective account of what is morally wrong? If, for instance, they hold that victims are demanding recognition, instead of redistribution, don't they need a social theory about how recognition plays its role in the shaping of justice and injustice? This article addresses these questions in regard to Iris Marion Young, Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth. Although they subscribe to the critical theory's tradition, as well as involve recognition when talking about justice, their paths go in different directions when they have to explain how recognition is involved in social conflicts and political demands. The main purpose is to show that their differences have to do, mainly, with two different understandings of political philosophy as an intellectual enterprise. (shrink)

¿En qué sentido viene a cambiar nuestro entendimiento de la justicia, comoel criterio máximo para evaluar moralmente un orden político, la introducciónen su campo conceptual de la idea de reconocimiento? ¿Es previsible que el(correcto) reconocimiento llegue a alcanzar el rol que, desde Aristóteles, latradición filosófica le ha asignado a la correcta redistribución?Y, ante todo,¿qué quiere decir reconocimiento? Este artículo examina estas cuestiones apropósito de las reflexiones que sobre la justicia hacen la norteamericana IrisMarionYoung, el canadiense CharlesTaylor y el alemánAxel Honneth. (...) Comoquiera que, en la tradición filosófica, el término reconocimiento remite aHegel, se prestará especial atención al papel que juega el reconocimientohegeliano en la forma como estos pensadores avanzan la idea de que hacerjusticia es reconocer. (shrink)

On imagine trop souvent que les caractères " naturels " (le sexe, la race, par exemple) " tombent sous le sens ", sont des évidences inquestionnables. Tout au plus admet-on que les sociétés manipulent un peu tout cela, qu'il en résulte des différences, bonnes ou mauvaises, c'est selon... Pourtant, ne serait-ce pas déjà une manipulation que de prétendre certains caractères " naturels "? Le " naturel " ne serait-il pas une interprétation, bref un " artifice ", ancré dans de très (...) particulières relations sociales où certains sont assignés à l'état d'objet? Cet ouvrage associe la description d'une réalité matérielle quotidienne dans ses formes les plus banales (conversations de bistrot, scènes de rue, faits divers) et l'analyse précise des systèmes idéologiques qui prétendent expliquer cette réalité. (shrink)

El articulo argumenta sobre la necesidad de contar convisiones interdisciplinarias e integradoras para representar una organización social tan compleja como es la universidad, a partir de su situación actual de fragmentación. Para el autor, la Unam el referente más notorio de esta necesidad. Propone además religar los distintos saberes a fin de crear una inteligencia descentralizada que viabilice el diseño y construcción de una nueva universidad, a partir de un texto abordado desde la perplejidad, la duda y el reto de (...) la aventura, aspirando a inspirar con él una sinergia alrededor de lo que pudiera parecer una utopía. (shrink)

El recurso cognitivo por el cual la ciencia ha obtenido información del mundo empírico ha sido, desde su origen, la medición. Ésta está sujeta a un proceso continuo de regeneración y transformación histórica. Los principales análisis metateóricos que se han realizado sobre la medición son en su mayoría sobre sus aspectos formales. En este artículo desarrollo un bosquejo de un enfoque histórico y cognitivo de la medición científica con el fin de mostrar sus diversos aspectos cognitivos, metodológicos y epistemológicos, mismos (...) que han sido sistemáticamente descuidados por la gran mayoría de los análisis en filosofía de la ciencia. Measurement has been the main cognitive resource through which science has obtained empirical information about the world. Scientific measurement is not a fixed process but an historical and dynamical one; nevertheless, almost all philosophical analysis have studied it from a formal point of view. My aim in this paper is to outline a cognitive and historical notion of scientific measurement that allows us to appreciate its diverse epistemic, methodological, and cognitive features. (shrink)

El naturalismo normativo de Larry Laudan es una de las tesis más importantes en filosofía de la ciencia, entre otras razones, porque permite evaluar las diferentes teorías filosóficas acerca de la naturaleza de la metodología científica. Su rasgo central es que incorpora tanto un aspecto descriptivo..

Si la doctrine arithmologique des nombres « parfaits », « abondants » et « déficients » est bien connue et souvent exposée depuis Nicomaque de Gérasa (iie siècle apr. J.-C.), elle reçoit une illustration nouvelle, dans laquelle la mythologie cède le pas à l’éthique et à la théologie, dans une glose médiévale du texte de Martianus Capella (livre VII des Noces de Philologie et de Mercure), où le nombre parfait est mis en correspondance avec la justice éternelle.

The meaning of alternating formation is the one that has been built, day after day, by the author who is working as teacher-researcher. The hyphen here stands for the link between two concrete exercices of the daily writing experience. Six processes have been revealed in two steps : those which are the pilar of this alternative smart teaching method (production, transaction and cooperation) and those which are hidden and secretly bring life to the first setting (integration, authorization and emancipation). Their (...) complex articulation opens an alternate way to learn, teach and be shaped as a subject to find a problematic that has a meaning for us and then enable us to be seen by ourself as a social character in a structure or an organisation. Allow an original intelligence can enable each of us to draw a smart contour to find our place as a social character. (shrink)

Este ensayo es una crítica a la educación actual. Para ello, adopta una visión amplia para explicar cómo la educación formal se convierte en un aliado poderoso del proyecto de la modernidad: el control de la naturaleza para lograr el progreso humano. Proceso que en el siglo XX desemboca en la actual globalización y una educación guiada por principios economicistas. Por otra parte, se recurre a una perspectiva aún más abarcadora (aunque sintética) que incluye no sólo la historia de la (...) humanidad, sino también la evolución de la Tierra desde hace 4,600 millones de años. Se pone en evidencia la pobreza de la noción de desarrollo y de los fines actuales de la educación. Se exploran algunos conceptos como “desarrollo biosférico”, “simbiosis” y “autopoiesis”, con el fin de esbozar lo que podría ser una educación coevolutiva. (shrink)

What can neuroscience offer to educators? Much of the debate has focused on whether basic research on the brain can translate into direct applications within the classroom. Accompanying ethical concern has centered on whether neuroeducation has made empty promises to educators. Relatively little investigation has been made into educators’ expectations regarding neuroscience research and how they might find it professionally useful. In order to address this question, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 educators who were repeat attendees of the Learning (...) & the Brain conferences. Responses suggest that ‘brain based’ pedagogical strategies are not all that is sought; indeed, respondents were more often drawn to the conference out of curiosity about the brain than a desire to gain new teaching methods. Of those who reported that research had influenced their classroom practice, most did not distinguish between neuroscience and cognitive psychology. Responses indicated that learning about neuroscience can help educators maintain patience, optimism and professionalism with their students, increase their credibility with colleagues and parents, and renew their sense of professional purpose. While not necessarily representative of the entire population, these themes indicate that current research in neuroscience can have real relevance to educators’ work. Future ethical discussions of neuroeducation should take into account this broader range of motivations and benefits. (shrink)

Meditation is an umbrella term for a number of mental training practices designed to improve the monitoring and regulation of attention and emotion. Some forms of meditation are now being used for clinical intervention. To accompany the increased clinical interest in meditation, research investigating the neural basis of these practices is needed. A central hypothesis of contemplative neuroscience is that meditative states, which are unique on a phenomenological level, differ on a neurophysiological level. To identify the electrophysiological correlates of meditation (...) practice, the electrical brain activity of highly skilled meditators engaging in one of six meditation styles was recorded. A mind-wandering task served as a control. Lempel–Ziv complexity showed differences in nonlinear brain dynamics during meditation compared with mind wandering, suggesting that meditation, regardless of practice, affects neural complexity. In contrast, there were no differences in power spectra at six different frequency bands, likely due to the fact that participants engaged in different meditation practices. Finally, exploratory analyses suggest neurological differences among meditation practices. These findings highlight the importance of studying the electroencephalography correlates of different meditative practices. (shrink)

The interview transcribed in this article was conducted with Thierry Ardouin, a great witness and actor in the history of training engineering in France. Through the evocation of his journey and his reflections, the aim here is to give an account of a singular journey, but also of the timely grasping of ingenium as a dynamic of analysis and action in the field of education and training science. “With our feet on the ground and our head in the stars” is (...) the approach he proposes to us, in order to link this history to the current and future perspectives of a reflection that is still under construction on training engineering, driven by an ethical vigilance with regard to world movements. (shrink)

A morte de Deus é um tema bastante explorado na filosofia nietzschiana, entretanto esta questão nos remete a outras,como veremos neste artigo. Na história da Filosofia foi necessário, primeiramente, que se fundamentasse o “eu” para que pudéssemos alcançar a evidência de Deus. No entanto, se o próprio eu cartesiano é posto à prova, como poderemos fundamentar a existência de Deus? Assim, fomos desconstruindo em nossa análise os fundamentos da idéia de Deus até chegarmos ao que realmente nos importava: as perspectivas, (...) os caminhos, as certezas que sobraram ao homem após a morte de Deus. Restaram, então, seguindo os passos do pensamento nietzschiano, a valorização do corpo como lugar de profunda experimentação e da terra como possibilidade de mudança e superação, aumentando assim a dimensão da responsabilidade humana consigo mesmo e com o meio em que vive. (shrink)

This essay examines two tendencies in lesbian ethics as differing visions of community, as well as contrasting views of the relationship between the erotic and the ethical. In addition to considering those authors who make explicit claims about lesbian ethics, this paper reflects on the works of some lesbians whose works are less frequently attended to in discussions about lesbian ethics, including lesbians writing from the perspectives of theology and of literature.

Readers of Sex and Social Justice will find in its essays fresh insights and powerful arguments on such varied topics as pornography, prostitution, gay rights, the tensions between feminist imperatives and respect for cultural and religious differences, the importance to feminism of considering how desires adjust to socially formed expectations, the relationship between narrative, mercy and justice, Kenneth Dover’s memoirs, and Richard Posner’s economic and evolutionary account of sexual behaviour. In her discussions of these highly charged topics, Nussbaum never gives (...) in to the temptation of uncomprehending moral condemnation, but instead approaches the issues with an enviable command of the facts, a sympathetic understanding, and a will to uncover and reason through the best arguments on all sides. Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach is an ambitious work of political philosophy that aims to guide constitutional design and social policy. Its four chapters present the capabilities approach in detail, argue for its universal status, and apply it to issues in religion and the family. (shrink)

The philosophers of the Hellenistic schools in ancient Greece and Rome made important contributions to the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of psychology. This volume, which contains the proceedings of the Fifth Symposium Hellenisticum, describes and analyses their contributions on issues such as: the nature of perception, imagination and belief; the nature of the passions and their role in action; the relationship between mind and body; freedom and determinism; the role of pleasure as a goal; the effects of poetry (...) on belief and passion. Written with a high level of historical and philosophical scholarship, the essays are intended both for classicists and for specialists interested in the philosophy of mind. (shrink)

Presents essays and articles by 17 philosophers and legal scholars on sexuality, the family, and the proper role of the law in these areas. Subjects include the social construction and reconstruction of care, pornography left and right, homosexuality and the constitution, and declining well-being among US children. For students and general readers interested in sexuality, gender, feminism, and the family. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.

Gesture does not have a fixed position in the Dienes & Perner framework. Its status depends on the way knowledge is expressed. Knowledge reflected in gesture can be fully implicit (neither factuality nor predication is explicit) if the goal is simply to move a pointing hand to a target. Knowledge reflected in gesture can be explicit (both factuality and predication are explicit) if the goal is to indicate an object. However, gesture is not restricted to these two extreme positions. When (...) gestures are unconscious accompaniments to speech and represent information that is distinct from speech, the knowledge they convey is factuality-implicit but predication-explicit. (shrink)

Building rapport is considered important in investigative interviewing of children about alleged sexual abuse, but theoretical understanding of the nature of rapport and how to judge its presence remains sketchy. This article argues that the conversation analytic concept of progressivity may provide empirical tractability to the concept of rapport and indeed may be partially what people are detecting when they judge the presence of rapport. A single case is analysed, drawn from a corpus of 11 video-taped interviews with children conducted (...) by police in an Australian sexual crime unit. Analysis focuses on how the interviewer responds when progressivity breaks down, and how restoration is collaboratively achieved. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for future work that might investigate a more thoroughly social interactional account of rapport, and in terms of new ideas about what might constitute skilful interviewing practices amongst investigative interviewers. (shrink)